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- $Unique_ID{BRK03632}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease}
- $Subject{Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Spastic Pseudosclerosis Jakob-Creutzfeldt
- disease Corticostriatal-spinal degeneration CJD Subacute Spongiform
- Encephalopathy Alzheimer's Disease}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992 National
- Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 33:
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It and is possible that the main title of the article (Creutzfeldt-Jakob
- Disease) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to
- find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Spastic Pseudosclerosis
- Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease
- Corticostriatal-spinal degeneration
- CJD
- Subacute Spongiform Encephalopathy
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Alzheimer's Disease
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease is a rare disorder that is characterized by the
- progressive degeneration of the central nervous system (spongiform
- encephalopathy) and by neuromuscular disturbances. This disease is thought
- to be transmissible in the form of an infectious particle known as a prion.
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease generally occurs in middle life.
-
- Symptoms
-
- The early stages of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease are characterized by memory
- failures and behavioral changes. The patient may have difficulty in
- concentrating, a lack of coordination and visual disturbances. Sudden
- involuntary spasms of muscles (myoclonus) may occur. The toes may contract
- in response to the irritation of the bottom of the foot (extensor plantar
- reflexes) and there may be increased reflex reactions (hyperreflexia).
-
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease progresses to pronounced mental deterioration,
- weakness on one side of the body (hemiparesis) and sensory disturbances.
- There is a progressive wasting away of muscles (muscular atrophy). Patients
- generally cease speaking (mutism) and movement becomes very slow or absent
- (akinesia). Seizures and semi-coma may ensue. Death generally occurs within
- a year, and may take place after only a few months.
-
- This disease can produce characteristic changes in the electroence (EEG)
- which is a test for brain wave activity. Computerized tomography (CT scan)
- can demonstrate a deterioration of brain tissue.
-
- Causes
-
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease is believed to be caused by a small infectious
- particle called a prion (protein infectious agent). The mode of transmission
- is not completely understood. About 10 percent of reported cases run in
- families.
-
- It has been suggested that prolonged therapy during the 1970's with
- pituitary-derived human growth hormone (HGH) may have been a risk factor for
- the development of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Further studies are required
- to demonstrate this relationship and to attempt to define the duration of HGH
- therapy that increased the risk of this disease. Today human growth hormone
- is manufactured through biotechnology engineering (r-hGH) so transmission of
- the Creutzfeldt-Jakob prion is no longer a risk with these recombinant
- products.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease affects both males and females. The disease occurs
- most frequently around the age of 55 to 59. Incidence of the disease is very
- low in the general population, but the exact prevalence is unknown.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Creutzfeldt-
- Jakob Disease. Comparison may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Alzheimer's Disease is a common progressive condition of the brain
- affecting memory, thought and language. The degenerative changes lead to the
- formation of plaques or patches within the brain and the loss of cholinergic
- neurotransmitter function. The early behavioral changes may be barely
- noticeable, but as the disease progresses memory losses increase and there
- are personality, mood and behavioral changes. There may also be disturbances
- of judgment, concentration and speech along with confusion and restlessness.
- (For more information on this disorder, choose "Alzheimer's Disease" as your
- search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- The treatment of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease is symptomatic and supportive.
- Patients should be guarded against infection and given as much support as
- possible.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Possible drug treatments for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease are now being
- evaluated. The testing of these drugs is being conducted on rodents and
- primates (other than human) that have been induced with this disease.
-
- Current clinical studies include tests of anti-viral drugs such as
- amantadine, a compound useful in the treatment of Parkinsonism. Some
- patients taking these drugs have experienced brief periods of improvement,
- but prolonged treatment has not shown lasting benefit.
-
- Scientists are conducting biochemical analyses of brain tissue, blood,
- and serum from patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. To help with this
- research, scientists are seeking biopsy and autopsy tissue, blood and
- cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob and related
- diseases. The following investigators have expressed an interest in
- receiving such material:
-
- Dr. Stephen DeArmond/Dr. Stanley Prusiner
- Department of Pathology/Neuropathology Unit
- HSW 430
- University of California
- San Francisco, CA 94143
- (415) 476-5236
-
- Dr. Clarence J. Gibbs/Dr. D. Carleton Gajdusek
- NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke
- Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, Building 36, Room 4A-15
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-4821
-
- Dr. Elias Manuelidis
- Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Neuropathology
- 333 Cedar Street
- New Haven, CT 06510
- (203) 785-4442
-
- A study of early onset dementia occurring as a result of Creutzfeldt-
- Jakob Disease is being conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health
- (NIMH) and the Neuropsychiatric Research Hospital. This study includes a
- thorough neuropsychological evaluation, advanced brain imaging and evaluation
- using newly developed biochemical assay techniques. Participants in this
- study must be under forty-five years of age and not require special medical
- care. Physicians with patients who are interested should contact:
-
- Denise Juliano, MSW
- Coordinator of Admissions
- Neuropsychiatric Research Hospital
- 2700 Martin Luther King Jr. Ave., SE
- Washington, DC 20032
- (202) 373-6100
-
- An epidemiologic (affected population) study of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
- is being conducted at Loma Linda University under the supervision of Carey G.
- Smoak. The project is funded by the National Institutes of Health.
- Interested persons may call or write:
-
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Study
- Department of Neurology, Rm. 1580
- School of Medicine
- Loma Linda University
- Loma Linda, CA 92350
- (714) 799-2146
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- September 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
- keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
- accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
- the most current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association
- National Headquarters
- 70 E. Lake Street
- Chicago, Illinois 60601
- (312) 853-3060
- (708) 330-0230
- (800) 621-0379 (In Illinois)
- (800) 572-6037 (out of state)
-
- NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5751
- (800) 352-9424
-
- For more information about long-term care facilities:
-
- National Hospice Organization
- 1901 N. Fort Myer Drive, Suite 902
- Arlington, VA 22209
- (703) 243-5900
-
- References
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns
- Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 281-282, 927-929.
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H.
- Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 2191-2193.
-
- PRINCIPLES OF NEUROLOGY, 4th Ed.; Raymond D. Adams, M.D. and Maurice
- Victor, M.D., Editors; McGraw-Hill Information Services Company, 1989. Pp.
- 609-611.
-
- HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE AND CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE, S. Zekauskas; J Okla
- State Med Assoc (Sept 1990; 83(9)): Pp. 447-448.
-
- CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE IN PITUITARY GROWTH HORMONE RECIPIENTS IN THE
- UNITED STATES, R. Thomson; JAMA (Feb. 1991; 20(265)): Pp. 880-884.
-
- MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PRION DISEASES, S.B. Prusiner; Science (June 1991;
- 252(5012)): Pp. 1515-1522.
-
-